The Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory (GENAO), often referred to as the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, is a pioneering research institution established in 1932. Situated at an altitude of 1,700 meters (5,577 feet) above sea level on Mount Kanobili in the Abastumani borough of the Samtskhe-Javakheti region, the observatory benefits from pristine natural conditions, including clear skies, stable weather, and minimal artificial light pollution. Located approximately 200–250 km (124–155 miles) from Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, this observatory holds the distinction of being the first high-altitude astrophysical observatory in the former Soviet Union.
The observatory was founded under the guidance of Academician Evgeni Kharadze and has since become a hub for extensive astronomical and astrophysical research. Its focus areas include galaxies, stars, solar physics, the solar system, and the Earth's upper atmosphere. GENAO is equipped with advanced instruments such as the 125 cm Ritchey–Chrétien Reflector, the 70 cm Maksutov Meniscus Telescope, and a 53 cm Nikolsky-type solar coronagraph, among others. These instruments have supported groundbreaking discoveries, such as the identification of two new comets by Georgian astronomer Giorgi Tevzadze in 1942, later named "Comet 1942 Tevzadze 1" and "Comet 1942 Tevzadze 2."
The observatory also boasts a rich history of contributions to astronomical science, including R. Kiladze's measurement of Saturn's ring thickness and his observation of Mercury's atmosphere in 1974. Additionally, A. Churadze discovered a supernova star, NGC 3389, demonstrating the institution's vital role in global astronomical research.
Instruments at GENAO include a mix of historical and modern telescopes and devices, such as the 40 cm Zeiss Refractor from 1936 and the 44 cm Zeiss Schmidt Camera from 1940, alongside more recent additions like spectrographs and photometers. These tools have enabled diverse research efforts, including long-term photometric studies of atmospheric phenomena and nightglow intensities.
Beyond its scientific endeavors, the observatory offers a unique experience for visitors. A small museum showcases its history and instruments, while observation sessions provide opportunities to view celestial objects like the Moon, Saturn, and other planets. The observatory also produces annual publications, including an astronomical calendar and research reports, further emphasizing its commitment to education and outreach.
Connected to the town of Abastumani by a historic cableway since 1959, the observatory combines scientific significance with touristic appeal. It remains a cornerstone of Georgian scientific achievement and continues to contribute valuable insights into the mysteries of the universe.
